Research
Scientific articles on peptide research, documentation, purity, and traceability.
Alpha Research
Metabolism
Hypothalamic Appetite Regulation: NPY/AgRP vs POMC/CART Circuitry and Peptide Intervention Research Targets
Analysis of the orexigenic NPY/AgRP and anorexigenic POMC/CART circuits in the arcuate nucleus, reviewing how GLP-1R, MC4R, and GHS-R1a are modulated by peptides in preclinical weight regulation research.
Alpha Research
Metabolism
Exercise-Mimetic Compounds: ERR Agonism (SLU-PP-332), AMPK Activation, and Metabolic Reprogramming Research
SLU-PP-332 functions as a pan-ERR agonist activating ERRα/β/γ, mimicking endurance exercise adaptations via PGC-1α, fatty acid oxidation, and mitochondrial biogenesis in preclinical models.
Alpha Research
Metabolism
Peptides and Mitochondrial Biogenesis: MOTS-c, SS-31, and PGC-1α/TFAM Signaling Cascade Research
Mechanistic analysis of how MOTS-c and SS-31 modulate mitochondrial biogenesis through PGC-1α, TFAM, and AMPK activation in preclinical models.
Alpha Research
Metabolism
Visceral Adipose Tissue Biology and Peptide Research Targets: Portal Adipokines, Insulin Resistance Pathways, and Depot-Specific GLP-1R Expression
Mechanistic comparison of VAT vs SAT: transcriptome-level depot differences (622 differentially expressed genes), adiponectin secretion deficiency in VAT (2.3-fold lower), PAI-1 hypersecretion (3.4-fold higher), CD68+ macrophage infiltration quantification, IL-6/TNF-α/MCP-1 cytokine profiling from SVF, GLP-1R protein density depot asymmetry (68% vs 31% adipocyte positivity), and portal FFA flux data from splanchnic catheterization studies.
Alpha Research
Metabolism
Molecular Mechanisms of Peptide-Induced Lipolysis: HSL/ATGL Cascade, Perilipin-1 Phosphorylation, and cAMP/PKA Signaling in Adipocytes
Complete molecular dissection of peptide-induced adipocyte lipolysis: cAMP production kinetics (7-fold elevation at 5 min, PDE3B decay), PLIN1 Ser522 phosphorylation as rate-limiting CGI-58 release step (SILAC quantification: 8.2-fold), HSL Ser660-dependent translocation (78% droplet co-localization), NEFA flux in human primary omental adipocytes (168 µmol/g/hr), and comparative entry-point analysis for AOD-9604, tesamorelin, and GLP-1R agonists.
Alpha Research
Metabolism
AOD-9604 vs Full-Length hGH: Adipocyte-Selective β3-AR Interactions vs Systemic GHR Signaling — Differentiated Metabolic Profiles
Mechanistic comparison of AOD-9604 and full-length hGH: GHR displacement assay confirming >12,500-fold selectivity differential, comparative glycerol release dose-response in 3T3-L1 adipocytes, depot-selective DEXA fat mass data in Zucker rats, insulin tolerance testing showing divergent HOMA-IR profiles, and onset kinetics distinguishing direct cAMP signaling from transcription-dependent GHR pathway.
Alpha Research
Metabolism
GLP-1 Receptor Agonism: From Incretin Biology to Dual/Triple Agonist Development — Receptor Pharmacology and Clinical Research Outcomes
Class B GPCR structural pharmacology of GLP-1R: cryo-EM resolved Gαs engagement mechanism, cAMP EC₅₀ in MIN6 β-cells, depot-specific GLP-1R/GIP-R expression asymmetry in VAT vs SAT, super-additive GSIS with tirzepatide, β-arrestin recruitment BRET data, and VAT reduction quantification in DIO models with GLP-1R/GIP-R/GCG-R triple agonism.
Alpha Research
Metabolism
Peptide Mechanisms in Lipolysis Research: HSL/ATGL Activation, β3-AR Signaling, and Adipocyte-Selective Research Targets
Mechanistic analysis of the adipocyte lipolytic cascade: quantitative HSL phosphorylation at Ser563/Ser660, perilipin-1 gatekeeper function for ATGL lipid droplet access, and depot-specific β3-AR signaling profiles. NEFA flux data (µmol/L) and mitochondrial respirometry (JO2) from 3T3-L1 and human primary adipocyte models.
Alpha Research
Metabolism
Triple vs Dual vs Mono Agonism: Comparative Receptor Pharmacology of Retatrutide, Tirzepatide, and Semaglutide
Direct pharmacological comparison of retatrutide (GLP-1R Ki ~0.5/GIP-R ~2.0/GCG-R ~0.9 nM, t½ ~144h), tirzepatide (GIP-R Ki ~0.4/GLP-1R ~2.0 nM, t½ ~120h), and semaglutide (GLP-1R Ki ~0.38 nM, t½ ~168h). Gs/β-arrestin pathway differentiation per receptor, STEP 1/SURMOUNT-1/GZGI data, and mechanistic GCG-R contributions to thermogenesis and hepatic oxidation.
Alpha Research
Metabolism
SLU-PP-332: ERRα/ERRβ/ERRγ Pan-Agonist Activity, PGC-1α/TFAM Upregulation, and Exercise-Mimetic Research
Pharmacological analysis of SLU-PP-332 as a pan-agonist of ERRα (EC50 ~99 nM), ERRβ (EC50 ~48 nM), and ERRγ (EC50 ~14 nM). PGC-1α coactivation mechanism, TFAM (2.3x), NRF1 (1.8x), and CYTC (2.1x) upregulation in C2C12 myotubes. Rodent in vivo data: 70% endurance time increase and VO2 max +44% at 35 mg/kg/day for 28 days (n=10).
Alpha Research
Metabolism
AOD-9604 (hGH Fragment 176-191): β3-Adrenoceptor-Mediated Lipolysis, Adipocyte Selectivity, and Metabolic Research Data
Pharmacological analysis of AOD-9604 as a C-terminal hGH fragment with β3-AR-mediated lipolytic activity (EC50 ~1.0–2.5 nM in rat adipocytes) independent of the GHR/IGF-1 axis. ATGL/HSL/PLIN1 mechanism, PKA/cAMP regulation, and adipocyte selectivity data in ob/ob models.
Alpha Research
Metabolism
Retatrutide (LY3437943): GLP-1R/GIP-R/GCG-R Triple Agonism, Receptor Binding Affinities, and Phase 2 Clinical Data
Pharmacological analysis of retatrutide (LY3437943) as a unimolecular triple agonist at GLP-1R (Ki ~0.5 nM), GIP-R (Ki ~2.0 nM), and GCG-R (Ki ~0.9 nM). Gs/cAMP/PKA and β-arrestin mechanisms, BAT thermogenesis, and hepatic oxidation. Phase 2 data (NCT04855164): 17.5% body weight reduction at 12 mg/week over 24 weeks (n=71).